Contents

Contents

Reader's Guide, v

Introduction, 1-2

J. Michael Scott, C. John Ralph

Genesis of the Symposium, 3-4

Robert Z. Callaham

The Needs for Censuses in Policy Making, 5-6

David L. Trauger

Photographs of Participants, 7-10

Anthony Gomez

Estimating Relative Abundance

Chairman's Introductory Remarks to Part 1, 11

Joseph J. Hickey

Counting Birds for a Relative Measure Index of Density, 12-16

David G. Dawson

The Christmas Bird Count and Avian Ecology, 17-23

Carl E. Bock, Terry L. Root

The Christmas Bird Count: An Overlooked and Underused Sample, 24-29

Susan Roney Drennan

The Christmas Bird Count: Constructing an Ideal Model, 30-33

Robert S. Arbib, Jr.

The North American Breeding Bird Survey, 34-41

Danny Bystrak

Estimates of Avian Population Trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, 42-51

Barry R. Noon, Paul H. Geissler

Reappraisal of the Winter Bird-Population Study Technique, 52-57

Chandler S. Robbins

Summarizing Remarks: Estimating Relative Abundance Part 1, 58-59

Douglas H. Johnson

Summarizing Remarks: Estimating Relative Abundance, 60

Ralph W. Schreiber

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Estimating Abundance Part 2, 61

Robert D. Ohmart

Surveying Birds with Mist Nets, 62-67

James R. Karr

Playback Recordings as a Special Avian Censusing Technique, 68-75

R. Roy Johnson, Bryan T. Brown, Lois T. Haight, James M. Simpson

Indirect Estimates of Abundance of Birds, 76-80

Evelyn L. Bull

Use of Playback Recordings in Sampling Elusive or Secretive Birds, 81-85

Wayne R. Marion, Timothy E. O'Meara, David S. Maehr

Mapping Territories with Playback An Accurate Census Method for Songbirds, 86-91

J. Bruce Falls

The Use of Migration Counts for Monitoring Bird Population Levels, 93-102

David J. T. Hussell

An Overview of Grid-Based Atlas Works in Ornithology, 103-109

Miklos D. F. Udvardy

Summarizing Remarks: Estimating Relative Abundance, 110-111

P. V. Rao

Summarizing Remarks: Estimating Relative Abundance Part 2, 112

Stanley A. Temple

Estimating Birds Per Unit Area

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Estimating Birds per Unit Area, 113

David R. Anderson

Limitations of the Mapping Method, 114-118

Hans Oelke

Territory and Home Range of the Blackcap (Sylvia Atricapilla) and Some other Passerines, Assessed and Compared by Mapping and Capture-Recapture, 119-120

C. Ferry, B. Frochot, Y. Leruth

Remarks on the Use of Mark-Recapture Methodology in Estimating Avian Population Size, 121-136

James D. Nichols, Barry R. Noon, S. Lynne Stokes, James E. Hines

Mark-Recapture - What Next?, 137-138

G. M. Holly

The Determination of Avian Densities Using the Variable-Strip and Fixed-Width Transect Surveying Methods, 139-145

Kathleen E. Franzreb

Methodology for Censusing Land Bird Faunas in large Regions, 146-151

Olli Jarvinen, Rosto A. Vaisanen

Sources of Error Involved in the Finnish Line-Transect Method, 152-159

Olavi Hilden

Summarizing Remarks: Estimating Birds per Unit Area, 160-161

Charles E. Gates

Summarizing Remarks: Estimating Birds per Unit Area, 162

Larry F. Pank

Comparison of Methods

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Comparison Methods, 163

Chandler S. Robbins

A Comparative Analysis of Territorial Mapping and Variable-Strip Transect Censusing Methods, 164-169

Kathleen E. Franzreb

A Comparison of Three Avian Census Methods, 170-176

Daniel K. Edwards, Geoffrey L. Dorsey, John A. Crawford

A Field Test of the Variable Circular-Plot Censusing Technique in a California Coastal Scrub Breeding Bird Community, 177-185

David F. DeSante

Comparison of Avian Census Results Using Variable Distance Transect and Variable Circular Plot Techniques, 186-192

Bertin W. Anderson, Robert D. Ohmart

A Field Test of Two Density Estimators for Transect Data, 193-196

Timothy E. O'Meara

An Evaluation of Breeding Season Census Techniques for Long-Billed Curlews (Numenius Americanus), 197-201

Roland L. Redmond, Thomas L. Bicak, Donald A. Jenni

Comparison of Line-Transect Methods for Estimating Breeding Bird Densities in Deciduous Woodlots, 202-208

Nancy G. Tilchman, Donald H. Rusch

Do Transect Counts Monitor Abundance Trends in the Same Way as Territory Mapping in Study Plots?, 209-214

Soren E. Svensson

Summarizing Remarks: Comparison of Methods, 215-216

G. M. Jolly

Summarizing Remarks: Comparison of Methods, 217-218

Charles van Riper III

Species Variability

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Species Variability, 219

Cameron B. Kepler

Problems in Estimating Population Size through Counts of Singing Males, 220-224

Harold F. Mayfield

Bird Populations Consist of Individuals Differing in Many Respects, 225-229

Barbara Diehl

Problems of Unequal Observability, 230-234

Jan Ekman

Methods of Detecting and Counting Raptors: A Review, 235-246

Mark R. Fuller, James A. Mosher

Summarizing Remarks: Species Variability, 247-248

David L. Otis

Summarizing Remarks: Species Variability, 249-250

Robert E. Ricklefs

Environmental Influences

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Environmental Influences, 251

Harry F. Recher

Seasonal Changes in Detection of Individual Bird Species, 252-261

Louis B. Best

Seasonal Changes in Avian Densities and Diversities, 262-264

Bertin W. Anderson, Robert D. Ohmart, Jake Rice

An Investigation of the Effect of Seasonal Activity Levels on Avian Censusing, 265-270

C. John Ralph

Effect of Time of Day and Time of Season on Number of Observations and Density Estimates of Breeding Birds, 271-274

Aaron A. Skirvin

Effect of Time of Day on Bird Activity, 275-286

Chandler S. Robbins

Diurnal Activity Patterns and Population Estimates of Breeding Birds within a Distributed and Undisturbed Desert-Scrub Community, 287-291

Christian E. Grue, Russell P. Balda, Clarence D. Johnson

Interpreting Population Estimates of Birds Following Pesticide Application--Behavior of Male Starlings Exposed to a Organophosphate Pesicide, 292-296

Christian E. Grue, Byron K. Shipley

Environmental Acoustics and Censuses of Singing Birds, 297-300

Douglas G. Richards

Bird Activity Levels Related to Weather, 301-310

Chandler S. Robbins

Sampling in Rugged Terrain, 311-315

Deanna K. Dawson

Limitations of Estimating Bird Populations Because of Vegetation Structure and Composition, 316-321

Hans Oelke

Summarizing Remarks: Environmental Influences, 322-323

Frank A. Pitelka

Summarizing Remarks: Environmental Influences, 324-325

Kenneth P. Burnham

Observer Variability

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Observer Variability, 326

Ralph J. Raitt

Limitation and Variability in Hearing Ability in Censusing Birds, 327-333

Andre Cyr

Distance Estimation as a Variable in Estimating Bird Numbers from Vocalizations, 334-340

J. Michael Scott, Fred L. Ramsey, Cameron B. Kepler

Tests of Hearing Ability, 341-345

Fred L. Ramsey, J. Michael Scott

The Application of Song Detection Threshold Distance to Census Operations, 346-352

John T. Emlen, Michael J. DeJong

The Role of Observer Bias in the North American Breeding Bird Survey, 353-359

Craig A. Faanes, Danny Bystrak

Problems in Separating Species with Similar Habits and Vocalizations, 360-365

Chandler S. Robbins, Richard W. Stallcup

Reducing Bird Count Variability by Training Observers, 366-371

Cameron B. Kepler, J. Michael Scott

The Influence of Observer and Analyst Efficiency in Mapping Method Censuses, 372-376

Raymond J. O'Connor

Effects of Observers Using Different Methods upon the Total Population Estimates of Two Resident Island Birds, 377-381

Shelia Conant, Mark S. Collins, C. John Ralph

Lateral Detectability Profiles for Line Transect Bird Censuses: Some Problems and an Alternative, 382-387

Richard L. Hutto, Sandra L. Mosconi

Summarizing Remarks: Observer Variability, 388-389

Lyman L. McDonald

Summarizing Remarks: Observer Variability, 390

David E. Davis

Sampling Design

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Sampling Design, 391

Jared Verner

Experimental Design When Counting Birds, 392-398

David G. Dawson

Optimizing Sampling Frequency and Numbers of Transects and Stations, 399-404

Charles E. Gates

Effects of Number of Circular Plots on Estimates of Avian Density and Species Richness, 405-408

Michael L. Morrison, R. William Mannan, Geoffrey L. Dorsey

Length of Count Period as a Possible Source of Bias in Estimating Bird Densities, 409-413

J. Michael Scott, Fred L. Ramsey

Point Counts with Unlimited Distance, 414-420

Jacques Blondel, Camille Ferry, Bernard Frochot

The Species-Area Relationship in Spot-Map Censusing, 421-425

Todd Engstrom

Capture-Recapture Models: A Review of Current Methods, Assumptions, and Experimental Design, 426-435

K. H. Pollock

Improved Population Estimates Through the Use of Auxilary Information, 436-440

Douglas H. Johnson

Density Estimation Using Line Transect Sampling, 441-444

P. V. Rao, K. M. Portier, J. A. Ondrasik

Avian Censusing with the Strip Method: A Computer Simulation, 445-449

Ronald W. Engel-Wilson, A. Kurt Webb, Kenneth V. Rosenberg, Robert D. Ohmart, Bertin W. Anderson

Summarizing Remarks: Sampling Design, 450-451

Jake Rice

Summarizing Remarks: Sampling Design, 452-453

Frances C. James

Data Analysis

Chairman's Introductory Remarks: Data Analysis, 454

Fred L. Ramsey

Breeding Bird Censuses Using Spot-Mapping Techniques upon Samples of Homogeneous Habitats, 455-460

Paul F. J. Eagles

An Evaluation and Comparison of Techniques for Estimating Home Range and Territory Size, 461-465

R. Glenn Ford, J. P. Myers

Line Transect Estimation of Bird Population Density Using a Fourier Series, 466-482

Kenneth P. Burnham, David R. Anderson, Jeffery L. Laake

Analysis of Bird Survey Data Using a Modification of Emlen's Method, 483-487

Fred L. Ramsey, J. Michael Scott

Residual Edge Effects with Mapping Bird Census Method, 488-491

J. H. Marchant

The Efficiency of the Mapping Method--A Computer Simulation Based on Field Data, 492-495

Martin Erdelen, Beate Erdelen

Methodological Studies of Breeding Bird Surveys in North America, 496-501

A. R. Sen

The Effect of Group Size on Line Transect Estimators of Abundance, 502-508

Terrance J. Quinn II

Summarizing Remarks: Data Analysis, 509-510

Kenneth H. Pollock

Summarizing Remarks: Data Analysis, 511-512

Stuart L. Pimm

Overviews

Scale Problems in Avian Censusing, 513-521

John A. Wiens

Censusing and the Evaluation of Avian Habitat Occupancy, 522-532

John A. Wiens, John T. Rotenberry

Habitat Correlates of Bird Distribution in British Census Plots, 533-537

Raymond J. O'Connor

Correlating Habitat Variables and Birds, 538-542

Stanley H. Anderson

Measuring Responses of Avian Communities to Habitat Manipulation, 543-547

Jared Verner

Surveying Birds in the Tropics, 548-553

James R. Karr

The Usefulness of Absolute ("Census") and Relative ("Sampling" or "Index") Measures of Abundance, 554-558

David G. Dawson

The Underexploited Potential of Bird Censuses in Insular Ecology, 559-565

Yrjo Haila, Olli Jarvinen

Statistics for the Birds, 566-569

F. N. David

Adapting Generalized Instructions to Specific Situations in Planning Count Work, 570-574

A. J. Erskine

Summary of the Symposium, 575-576

John T. Emlen

Appendices: Committee Reports and Agendas

Appendix I: Terminology Used in Estimating Numbers of Birds, 577-578

C. John Ralph

Appendix II: Report of Working Group for the Revision of Christmas Bird Count Procedures, 579

Arbib Bock

Appendix III: Report of Working Group for the Need for Standardized Census Methods, 580-581

Harry F. Recher

Appendix IV: North American Ornithological Atlas Committee Formed, 582

Miklos D. F. Udvardy

Appendix V: Report of Working Group for the Need for a Manual of Counting Methods, 583

Larry F. Pank

Appendix VI: Report of Working Group to Identify Future Research Needs, 584

Jared Verner

Appendix VII: Poster Papers Presented at Symposium, 585-586

Appendix VIII: List of Symposium Participants, 587-590

Literature Cited, 591-630

Stephen R. Sabo