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0.000000 0.0 Td (east ) Tj 18.180000 0.0 Td (Asia ) Tj 21.420000 0.0 Td (\(Rose ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 10.260000 0.0 Td (Scott ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (1997\). ) Tj 27.540000 0.0 Td (At ) Tj 12.780000 0.0 Td (least ) Tj 21.060000 0.0 Td (21% ) Tj 21.060000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 10.980000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (world's ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.320000 235.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (waders ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (\(32 ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (155 ) Tj 16.740000 0.0 Td (species\) ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (listed ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (species ) Tj 31.140000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 10.620000 0.0 Td (conserva- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.500000 224.100000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (tion ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (concern ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (Birdlife ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (International ) Tj 54.180000 0.0 Td (\(Piersma ) Tj 38.340000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 13.860000 0.0 Td (1997\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.500000 213.300000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Conservation ) Tj 56.700000 0.0 Td (efforts ) Tj 29.340000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (many ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (waders ) Tj 31.140000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (aided ) Tj 24.660000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.140000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.320000 202.140000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (better ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (understanding ) Tj 63.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.060000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (demography. ) Tj 57.780000 0.0 Td (For ) Tj 18.180000 0.0 Td (example, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.320000 191.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 44.100000 0.0 Td (viability ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (analysis ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (\(PVA\) ) Tj 27.900000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 8.640000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 6.480000 0.0 Td (tool ) Tj 17.460000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 16.740000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 8.460000 0.0 Td (frequently ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.320000 180.180000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 20.340000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (make ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (conservation ) Tj 53.280000 0.0 Td (decisions ) Tj 38.700000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (wildlife ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (populations ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.680000 169.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(Beissinger ) Tj 49.320000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 10.620000 0.0 Td (McCullough ) Tj 54.540000 0.0 Td (2002\), ) Tj 28.980000 0.0 Td (but ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 16.740000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 22.500000 0.0 Td (applied ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.500000 158.220000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 19.980000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 6.300000 0.0 Td (few ) Tj 17.100000 0.0 Td (waders ) Tj 31.140000 0.0 Td (\(Hill ) Tj 21.060000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (Carter ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (1991, ) Tj 23.580000 0.0 Td (Hitchcock ) Tj 43.740000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 9.900000 0.0 Td (Gratto- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.140000 147.060000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Trevor ) Tj 31.500000 0.0 Td (1997, ) Tj 25.020000 0.0 Td (Larson ) Tj 31.140000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (2002\). ) Tj 28.980000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 18.900000 0.0 Td (simplest ) Tj 36.180000 0.0 Td (PVA ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (mod- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.320000 136.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (els ) Tj 12.780000 0.0 Td (require ) Tj 30.060000 0.0 Td (four ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (types ) Tj 22.860000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (demographic ) Tj 53.280000 0.0 Td (data: ) Tj 21.060000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj 32.580000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 10.260000 0.0 Td (age ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.500000 125.100000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (stage-classes ) Tj 54.540000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (unique ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (vital ) Tj 19.980000 0.0 Td (rates, ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (age ) Tj 16.380000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (breeding ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.500000 114.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (mean ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (fecundity ) Tj 44.100000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.540000 0.0 Td (survivorship ) Tj 56.520000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (each ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (class ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.500000 102.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(Beissinger ) Tj 46.800000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (Westphal ) Tj 40.140000 0.0 Td (1998\). ) Tj 26.460000 0.0 Td (Most ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (reviews ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 10.260000 0.0 Td (wader ) Tj 26.460000 0.0 Td (demo- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.500000 91.980000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (graphy ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (stress ) Tj 25.380000 0.0 Td (low ) Tj 18.180000 0.0 Td (reproductive ) Tj 54.360000 0.0 Td (rates ) Tj 22.500000 0.0 Td (\(clutch ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (size ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (_< ) Tj 8.280000 0.0 Td (4 ) Tj 8.280000 0.0 Td (eggs, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 40.140000 81.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (high ) Tj 22.140000 0.0 Td (nest ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (failure, ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 7.380000 0.0 Td (brood ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (per ) Tj 16.740000 0.0 Td (year\), ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (delayed ) Tj 36.180000 0.0 Td (age ) Tj 17.820000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 280.980000 52.020000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (163 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.120000 312.300000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (breeding ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 16.380000 0.0 Td (relatively ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (high ) Tj 20.340000 0.0 Td (adult ) Tj 22.500000 0.0 Td (survival ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (\(0.7 ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (0.9, ) Tj 17.100000 0.0 Td (Evans ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.480000 301.500000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.180000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 10.620000 0.0 Td (Pienkowski ) Tj 52.200000 0.0 Td (1984, ) Tj 25.380000 0.0 Td (Myers ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (1987, ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (Piersma ) Tj 36.900000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (Baker ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.300000 290.340000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (2000\). ) Tj 28.620000 0.0 Td (To ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (date, ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj 40.140000 0.0 Td (relatively ) Tj 41.220000 0.0 Td (little ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (attention ) Tj 37.980000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.120000 279.180000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (paid ) Tj 20.340000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 10.620000 0.0 Td (quantitative ) Tj 50.760000 0.0 Td (methods ) Tj 37.260000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 10.620000 0.0 Td (estimate ) Tj 36.900000 0.0 Td (demographic ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.120000 270.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (rates ) Tj 21.780000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 14.580000 0.0 Td (waders. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 306.360000 257.220000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.180000 0.0 Td (article, ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (I ) Tj 6.660000 0.0 Td (discuss ) Tj 32.940000 0.0 Td (challenges ) Tj 46.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 10.980000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (estimation ) Tj 46.260000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.660000 248.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (survival ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.100000 0.0 Td (focus ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 12.780000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.460000 0.0 Td (vital ) Tj 20.700000 0.0 Td (rate ) Tj 18.180000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (three ) Tj 22.860000 0.0 Td (main ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (reasons. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.120000 236.340000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (First, ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (survival ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 8.100000 0.0 Td (difficult ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (rate ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.700000 0.0 Td (measure ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (under ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.480000 224.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (conditions ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (because ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.660000 0.0 Td (timing ) Tj 30.420000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.820000 0.0 Td (causes ) Tj 30.060000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 11.340000 0.0 Td (mortality ) Tj 41.580000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.300000 213.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (usually ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (unknown ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (wild ) Tj 20.700000 0.0 Td (birds. ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (Estimates ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (seasonal ) Tj 36.900000 0.0 Td (pro- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.480000 202.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ductivity ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (easier ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (obtain ) Tj 27.540000 0.0 Td (because ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (components ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (re- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.300000 191.340000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (productive ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (effort ) Tj 25.380000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 12.420000 0.0 Td (measured ) Tj 41.580000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 12.780000 0.0 Td (monitoring ) Tj 48.060000 0.0 Td (nests ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.120000 180.540000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (broods. ) Tj 33.660000 0.0 Td (Second, ) Tj 35.460000 0.0 Td (estimation ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (survival ) Tj 35.460000 0.0 Td (rates ) Tj 22.500000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 7.200000 0.0 Td (key ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (com- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.300000 169.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ponent ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (Integrated ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (Population ) Tj 46.620000 0.0 Td (Monitoring, ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (including ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (pro- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.480000 158.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (grams ) Tj 26.820000 0.0 Td (operated ) Tj 36.900000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 12.420000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (British ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (Trust ) Tj 23.580000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 14.220000 0.0 Td (Ornithology ) Tj 52.020000 0.0 Td (\(Baillie ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.480000 147.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 9.900000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 14.220000 0.0 Td (1999\). ) Tj 28.260000 0.0 Td (Last, ) Tj 22.860000 0.0 Td (demographic ) Tj 55.800000 0.0 Td (analyses ) Tj 37.260000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (waders ) Tj 31.860000 0.0 Td (\(Hitch- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.480000 136.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (cock ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (Gratto-Trevor ) Tj 61.020000 0.0 Td (1997, ) Tj 25.380000 0.0 Td (Larson ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 13.500000 0.0 Td (2002\) ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.820000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 294.300000 125.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (long-lived ) Tj 44.640000 0.0 Td (vertebrates ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (\(Brault ) Tj 31.500000 0.0 Td (& ) Tj 10.620000 0.0 Td (Caswell ) Tj 36.180000 0.0 Td (1993, ) Tj 24.660000 0.0 Td (Doak ) Tj 25.020000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 295.200000 114.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.540000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (1994, ) Tj 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